Refine your search
Collections
Co-Authors
- R. R. Nair
- N. H. Hashimi
- Ch. M. Rao
- A. Mascarenhas
- K. Mohan Rao
- N. P. C. Reddy
- H. C. Das
- M. Thamban
- Pratima M. Kessarkar
- A. Anil Kumar
- V. Gopinathan
- K. Sreemathi Gopinath
- R. Shynu
- V. V. S. S. Sarma
- R. Mani Murali
- S. Suja
- Lina L. Fernandes
- B. Chakraborty
- Tejas Salkar
- Vasudev P. Mahale
- John Kurien
- Shaik Sai Babu
- R. Venkata Ramana
- M. Ram Mohan
- S. Sawant
- N. Satyasree
- A. Keshav Krishna
Journals
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All
Purnachandra Rao, V.
- Clay Mineral Distribution on the Kerala Continental Shelf and Slope
Abstract Views :192 |
PDF Views:2
Authors
Affiliations
1 National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, IN
1 National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 24, No 10 (1983), Pagination: 540-546Abstract
Seventy-five sediment samples collected from the Kerala continental shelf and slope during the 17th and 71st Cruises of RV Gaveshani were analysed by X-ray diffraction for clay mineral content. The distribution of total clay < 4μ fraction) indicates low percentages < 10%) on the outer shelf and high percentages on the inner shelf (20 to 50%) and upper continental slope (11 to 47%). The clay minerals are composed of montmorillonite (smectite), kaolinite, illite and gibbsite and the nonclay minerals are quartz and feldspar. Kaolinite and gibbsite have low values on the outer shelf and high values on the inner shelf and slope, while illite increases in the offshore direction. However, montmorillonite behaves differently from others in having high values on the outer shelf and low values on the inner shelf and slope. These variations in the clay mineral distribution have been attributed to differences in the energy of the various environments and due to size segregation of the minerals.
- Palaeoclimatic Significance of Gypsum Pseudomorphs in the Inner Shelf Sediments Off Machalipatnam Bay
Abstract Views :186 |
PDF Views:133
Authors
Affiliations
1 National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403004, IN
1 National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403004, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 32, No 5 (1988), Pagination: 426-429Abstract
Pseudo-gypsum crystals have been found in the coarse fraction of the sediments from the inner continental shelf off Machalipatnam Bay. They range in size from 3 to 7 mm and are elongate arid lenticular in shape. Bassanite and calcite are pseudomorphs after gypsum. The origin of the pseudo-gypsum has been discussed and it is suggested that these are indicators of late Pleistocene climatic aridity. The bay sediments deposited during late Pleistocene were subsequently eroded by waves and currents due to sea level changes and the coarse fraction of the sediments containing pseudogypsum were transported and deposited in the inner continental shelf.Full Text
- Changing Sedimentary Environments During Pleistocene-Holocene in a Core from the Eastern Continental Margin of India
Abstract Views :184 |
PDF Views:2
Authors
V. Purnachandra Rao
1,
Ch. M. Rao
1,
A. Mascarenhas
1,
K. Mohan Rao
2,
N. P. C. Reddy
2,
H. C. Das
3
Affiliations
1 National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula 403 004, Goa, IN
2 National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, 52, Kirlampudi, Layout, Visakhapatnam 530 023, IN
3 Oil India Limited, Duliajan, Assam 786 602, IN
1 National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula 403 004, Goa, IN
2 National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, 52, Kirlampudi, Layout, Visakhapatnam 530 023, IN
3 Oil India Limited, Duliajan, Assam 786 602, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 40, No 1 (1992), Pagination: 59-69Abstract
Sedimentological and geochemical investigations of the sediments in a core from the eastern continental margin of India, at a water depth of 1200m, revealed two distinct sediment types. The Late Pleistocene sediments are greyish-black in colour and consist of mud turbidites in the lower part and dolostone breccia in the upper part. They also consist of illite and chlorite-rich clay minerals with high organic carbon and sulfur. Organic matter is of dispersed nature. These are similar to black shales and are apparently formed by rapid burial of terrigenous organic matter by turbidites with intermittent reducing conditions during lowered sealeveIs. Dolostone fragments appear to have been transported by mass movement processes during the terminal pleistocene. The Holocene sediments: are moderate yellowish-brown in colour and with detrital vivianite nodules at the base. These sediments are clayey with mont-morillonite-rich, illite-poor clay minerals, lower organic carbon and sulfur contents and ferruginised pyrite grains, deposited under oxidising conditions. The marked changes in the sedimentary environments are attributed to climate and sealevel changes during Pleistocene and Holocene.Keywords
Environment, Pleistocene, Holocene, Black Shales, Off Penner River, Continental Margin.- Dune Associated Calcretes, Rhizoliths and Paleosols from the Western Continental Shelf of India
Abstract Views :177 |
PDF Views:3
Authors
Affiliations
1 National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula - 403 004, Goa, IN
1 National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula - 403 004, Goa, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 49, No 3 (1997), Pagination: 297-306Abstract
The calcareous deposits on the western continental shelf of India, off Bhatkal (water depths 50 to 58 m) occur as crusts, sheets, cylinders and reddish brown mudstones. The outer layers of the crusts are micrite-dominated and beneath this layer detrital/carbonate sands with thin heavy mineral laminations are found. Textural studies indicate that the detrital sands are derived from dunes. Drusy calcite and neomorphic calcite cements are associated with the sands. Sheet deposits contain coarse calcareous component-dominated layer within micrite layers and abundant micrite cements. These are similar to dune associated calcretes.
Cylinders are rhizoliths and show different stages of ischolar_main calcification. Circular bodies. about 0.15 mm to 0.70 mm diameter, interpreted as vascular cylinders of the ischolar_main tissues are typical. Radial fibrous calcite and spar calcite with inclusions indicate neomorphic cements. Reddish brown mudstones contain calcified ischolar_main-hair sheaths, micrite glaebules and reworked pollen suggesting that these are indurated soils. X-ray diffraction studies indicate the presence of ferroan calcite, quartz, pyrite and dolomite in rhizoliths and ferroan calcite, goethite and quartz in mudstones. Mudstones and some rhizoliths are Fe-rich and some other rhizoliths are Fe-poor but enriched with Mg and Mn. The particulate matter in the calcareous deposits were initially at the proximity of the coast and cemented by metastable calcites during the ultimate Pleistocene interglacial sea-level stands on the shelf. Pedogenic cementation processes overprinted and developed them into eolianites and paleosols during the subsequent Late Pleistocene sea-level regression. The compositional differences of these deposits were apparently controlled by type of sediments and associated sedimentary environments.
Keywords
Sedimentology, Calcretes, Rhizoliths, Paleosols, Continental Shelf.- Organic Carbon in Sediments of the Southwestern Margin of India: Influence of Productivity and Monsoon Variability During the Late Quaternary
Abstract Views :197 |
PDF Views:2
Authors
Affiliations
1 National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula - 403 004, Goa, IN
1 National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula - 403 004, Goa, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 69, No 1 (2007), Pagination: 42-52Abstract
The texture, organic carbon (OC), CaCO3 and Rock-Eval parameters of the sediments from two gravity cores collected at depths below the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) of the southwestern margin of India are presented and compared the results with those within the OMZ. Clayey silt/silty clays are the characteristic sediments. The OC in the core top sediments between Cape Comorin and Mangalore is higher below the OMZ than those from the OMZ. However, it is higher within the OMZ than those below the OMZ in the sediments between Mangalore and Goa. The down-Core variations of OC are identical in these cores. In both the cores, relatively high OC content and low sedimentation rates correspond to the intervals of late Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and, low OC and high sedimentation rates to the early Holocene sediments. The CaCO3 follows sand content in a core off Cape Comorin, with low values at ,the core top, increase marginally in the early Holocene and LGM and then decrease in the late Pleistocene sediments. The CaCO3 values in a core off Mangalore are higher in the intervals of the late Holocene and early deglaciation than in early Holocene and LGM intervals. Rock-Eval parameters distinguish the sources of organic matter only at high OC concentrations.
The high OC during the LGM may be related to the productivity, associated with convective mixing occurring during the NE monsoon. The low OC/CaCO3 and high clay content during the early Holocene may be the consequences of the intensified SW monsoon that results in stronger near-Surface stratification leading to low productivity. High OC and low CaCO3 during the late Holocene suggest increased productivity and early diagenesis in the near surface sediments. We suggest that the variations in productivity and downslope transport of sediment controlled the OC enrichment.
Keywords
Organic Carbon, Sediment Cores, Productivity, Late Quaternary, SW Margin of India.- A Review on the Nomenclature of Angadimogar and Kumbdaje Plutons, Kasaragod District, Kerala
Abstract Views :216 |
PDF Views:3
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Geology, Government College, Vidyanagar, Kasaragod, Kerala - 671 121, IN
2 National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa - 403 004, IN
1 Department of Geology, Government College, Vidyanagar, Kasaragod, Kerala - 671 121, IN
2 National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa - 403 004, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 65, No 2 (2005), Pagination: 141-146Abstract
Pink and grey granites occur as minor, more or less circular bodies at Angadimogar and Kumbdaje areas of Kasaragod district, covering about 10 km2. These granites are emplaced within the charnockites and gneisses during the Late Precambrian. These granites arc coarse grained and traversed by anastomising patches of aplite. They are in sharp contact will the country rock. The Angadimogar pluton was carlier considered a syenitic body. Normative mineralogy and petroghaphy of the Angadimogar and Kulnbdaje plutons show high content of silica and other salic minerals and confirm that they are in fact granites. The major oxide chemistry of the plutons is similar to the major granitic plutons of South India. Thus, contrary to the earlier views, we suggest that these bodies are granites.Keywords
Nomenclature, Granites, Syenites, Angadimogar, Kumbdaje, Kerala.- Proceedings Volume of the National Seminar 'Four Decades of Marine Geosciences in India - A Retrospect'
Abstract Views :176 |
PDF Views:124
Authors
Affiliations
1 Geological Oceanography Division, National Institute of Oceanagraphy Dona Paula - 403 004, Goa, IN
1 Geological Oceanography Division, National Institute of Oceanagraphy Dona Paula - 403 004, Goa, IN
Source
Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78), Vol 61, No 1 (2003), Pagination: 118-120Abstract
No Abstract.Full Text
- Sources and Fate of Organic Matter in Suspended and Bottom Sediments of the Mandovi and Zuari Estuaries, Western India
Abstract Views :258 |
PDF Views:86
Authors
Affiliations
1 CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, IN
2 CSIR-NIO Regional Centre, 176, Lawsons Bay Colony, Visakhapatnam 530 017, IN
1 CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, IN
2 CSIR-NIO Regional Centre, 176, Lawsons Bay Colony, Visakhapatnam 530 017, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 108, No 2 (2015), Pagination: 226-238Abstract
Organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN) and stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions were measured in suspended particulate matter (SPM) and surface sediment along estuaries of Mandovi and Zuari rivers, two small mountainous river systems in western India during wet and dry seasons, to characterize the sources of organic matter (OM) in these systems. Unlike major rivers, SPM concentrations increase seaward with a general trend of decreasing particulate organic carbon (POC) in these rivers, mostly due to the presence of estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) located downstream of the estuaries. POC and particulate nitrogen (PN) were higher in the Mandovi than in the Zuari estuary. Except during wet season in the Mandovi, POC/PN and δ15N were altered by biogeochemical processes in both the estuaries and are not indicators of source organic matter. PN/POC and δ13Corg indicated the dominance of terrestrial plant-derived OM and terrestrial soil-derived OM respectively, in the Mandovi and Zuari estuaries during wet season. The δ13Corg versus salinity plot indicated increasing proportions of marine OM seaward in both estuaries during dry season. OC and TN in the sediments of both estuaries were much lower than in the overlying suspended matter. The mean δ13Corg in the sediment and SPM were similar in both the seasons in Mandovi and only during wet season in Zuari estuary. Uniform mean values of δ13Corg in the lower estuary and bay of Zuari indicated efficient mixing of sediments during wet season. Sediments with relatively high δ13Corg and low δ15N in the upper estuary of Zuari were related to anthropogenic contamination by sewage effluents during dry season. It is estimated that each river contributed at least ~20% terrestrial organic carbon (TOC) to the coastal system during wet season and received similar quantity of TOC during dry season. Since there are more than 10,000 small rivers originating from monsoon- dominated and/or mountainous regions globally, it must be appreciated that their total TOC contribution to the coastal system must be substantial.Keywords
Carbon And Nitrogen Isotopes, Estuaries, Sediments, Suspended Particles.Full Text
- Spatial Distribution of Suspended Particulate Matter in the Mandovi and Zuari Estuaries:Inferences on the Estuarine Turbidity Maximum
Abstract Views :290 |
PDF Views:105
Authors
Affiliations
1 CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, IN
1 CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 110, No 7 (2016), Pagination: 1165-1168Abstract
An estuary is a region where a river meets the sea. In these estuarine regions there exists a strong physio-chemical and compositional gradient in the water properties, that varies rapidly from freshwater to sea water. Estuaries are important areas as they filter out suspended particulate matter (SPM), sediments and pollutants from the rivers before entering the sea and keep the coastal seas healthy.Full Text
- Evidence for Underwater Current Activity on the Upper Slope of the Carbonate Platform off Western India using Multibeam Bathymetry
Abstract Views :234 |
PDF Views:82
Authors
Affiliations
1 CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, IN
2 ESSO-National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, Sada, Vasco-da-Gama 403 804, IN
1 CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, IN
2 ESSO-National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, Sada, Vasco-da-Gama 403 804, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 116, No 5 (2019), Pagination: 711-713Abstract
The carbonate platform examined in this study is on the outer continental shelf of the northwestern margin of India at water depths between 60 and 90 m (Figure 1). It is located off the Narmada and Tapi rivers, which debouch abundant terrigenous sediments and freshwater onto the coast. Despite abundant terrigenous material expected on the platform, it comprises <10% terrigenous sediments but abundant carbonate sediments.Full Text
References
- Nair, R. R., Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. Sect. B, 1971, 73, 148–154.
- Nair, R. R., Indian J. Mar. Sci., 1975, 4, 25–29.
- Nair, R. R. and Pylee, A., Bull. Natl. Inst. Sci., India, 1968, 38, 411–420.
- Nair, R. R. and Hashimi, N. H., Mar. Geol., 1981, 41, 309–319.
- Nair, R. R., Hashimi, N. H. and Guptha, M. V. S., J. Geol. Soc. India, 1979, 20, 17–23.
- Rao, V. P., Veerayya, M., Nair, R. R., Dupeuble, P. A. and Lamboy, M., Mar. Geol., 1994, 121, 293–315.
- Rao, V. P., Mahale, V. P. and Chakraborty, B., J. Earth Syst. Sci., 2018, 127, 106–123.
- Rees, S. A., Opdyke, B. N., Wilson, P. A. and Henstock. T. J., Coral Reefs, 2007, 26, 177–188.
- Orme, G. R., Flood, P. G. and Sargent, G. E. G., Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 1978, 291, 85–99.
- Hine, A. C., Hillock, P., Harris, M. W., Mullins, H. T., Belknap, D. F. and Jaap, W. C., Coral Reefs, 1988, 6, 173–178.
- Marshall, J. F. and Davies, P. J., Coral Reefs, 1988, 6, 139–148.
- Orme, G. R. and Salama, M. S., Coral Reefs, 1988, 6, 131–137.
- Roberts, H. H. and Phipps, C. V., In 6th International Coral Reef Symposium, Abstr., 1988, p. 87.
- Roberts, H. H., Phipps, C. V. and Effendi, L., Geology, 1987, 15, 371– 374.
- Xu, H. et al., Acta Oceanol. Sin., 2015, 34, 62–73.
- Braga, J. C. and Martin, J. M., International Symposium on Alpine Algae, Abstr., University of Munich, Germany, 1993, p. 94.
- Kirkland, B. L., Moore Jr, C. H. and Dickson, J. A. D., Palaios, 1993, 8, 111– 120.
- Braga, J. C., Martin, J. M. and Riding, R., Geology, 2015, 24, 35–38.
- Multer, H. G., Coral Reefs, 1988, 6, 179–186.
- Hillis-Colinvaux, L., Adv. Mar. Biol., 1980, 17, 1–327.
- Hillis-Colinvaux, L., Coral Reefs, 1986, 5, 19–21.
- Rao, V. P. and Wagle, B. G., Curr. Sci., 1997, 73, 330–350.
- Rao, V. P., Anil Kumar, A., Naqvi, S. W. A., Chivas, A. R., Sekar, B. and Kessarkar, P. M., J. Earth Syst. Sci., 2012, 121, 769–779.
- Rao, V. P. and Gopinathan, P., J. Earth Syst. Sci. (in press).
- Dandapath, S. et al., Mar. Pet. Geol., 2010, 27, 2107–2117.
- Banse, K., Deep Sea Res., 1968, 15, 45– 79.
- Shenoi, S. S. C., Antony, A. K. and Sunder, D., J. Coastal Res., 1988, 5, 617–626.
- Muni Krishna, K., Ann. Geophys., 2008, 26, 1331–1334.
- Shetye, S. R., Gouveia, A. D., Shenoi, S. S. C., Sunder, D., Michael, G. S., Almeida, A. M. and Santanam, K., J. Mar. Res., 1990, 48, 359–378.
- Sarma, Y. V. B., Murthy, V. S. N., Rao, D. P. and Sastry, J. S., Indian J. Mar. Sci., 1986, 15, 234–240.
- Pankajakshan, T. and Rama Raju, D. V., In Intrusion of Bay of Bengal water into Arabian Sea along the west coast of India during Northeast monsoon. S. Z. Qasim 60th birthday felicitation volume, 1987, pp. 237–244.
- Thamban, M., Rao, V. P., Schneider, R. R. and Gischolar_maines, P. M., Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 2001, 165, 113–127.
- Thamban, M., Kawahata, H. and Rao, V. P., J. Ocean., 2007, 63, 1009–1020.
- Kessarkar, P. M., Rao, V. P., Naqvi, S. W. A. and Karapurkar, S. G., Paleoceanography, 2013, 28, 413–425.
- Rare Earth Elements of Sediments in Rivers and Estuaries of the East Coast of India
Abstract Views :252 |
PDF Views:101
Authors
Shaik Sai Babu
1,
R. Venkata Ramana
1,
V. Purnachandra Rao
1,
M. Ram Mohan
2,
S. Sawant
2,
N. Satyasree
1,
A. Keshav Krishna
2
Affiliations
1 Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology and Research, Deemed to be Vignan’s Univesity, Vadlamudi 522 213, IN
2 CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, IN
1 Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology and Research, Deemed to be Vignan’s Univesity, Vadlamudi 522 213, IN
2 CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 120, No 3 (2021), Pagination: 519-537Abstract
The rare earth elements (REE) in the clay fraction of sediments in 15 rivers and their estuaries along the east coast of India were analysed in this study. The total REE content (ΣREE) varied from 130.98 to 289.85 μg/g and from 70.89 to 352.61 μg/g in rivers and estuaries respectively. The ΣREEs of estuarine clays (except the Brahmani and Baitarani) was lower than in rivers. The Post-Archean average Australian Shale-normalized REE patterns in rivers and estuaries were similar and categorized into three types. The REE patterns reflect the composition of dominant geological formations in river basins and extent of sediment mixing from different sources during transport. Hydrodynamic conditions controlled the abundance and fractionation of REE in the estuaries. The Sm/Nd ratios of clays were largely controlled by mineral composition and Y/Ho ratios were affected by sedimentary processes in the estuaries.Keywords
Estuaries, Rare Earth Elements, Rivers, Sediments, Volcanic Rocks.Full Text
References
- McLennan, S. M., Rare earth elements in sedimentary rocks: influence of provenance and sedimentary processes. In Reviews in Mineralogy. Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Rare Earth Elements (eds Lippin, B. R. and McKay, G. A.), De Gruyter, 1989, vol. 21, pp. 169–200; https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501509032.
- Rollinson, H., Using trace elements data. In Using Geochemical Data: Evaluation, Presentation, Interpretation (ed. Rollinson, H.,), Prentice Hall, Pearson, 1993, pp. 133–134.
- Nance, W. B. and Taylor, S. R., Rare earth element patterns and crustal evolution – I. Australian post-Archean sedimentary rocks. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 1976, 61, 1539–1551.
- Goldstein, S. J. and Jacobsen, S. B., Rare earth elements in river waters. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 1988, 89, 35–47.
- Elderfield, H., Upstillgoddard, R. and Sholkovitz, E. R., The rare earth elements in rivers, estuaries, and coastal seas and their significance to the composition of ocean waters. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 1990, 54, 971–991.
- Sholkovitz, E. R. and Szymezak, R., The estuarine chemistry of rare earth elements: comparison of the Amazon, Fly, Sepik and Gulf of Papua systems. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 2000, 178, 299– 309.
- Shiller, A. M., Seasonality of dissolved rare earth elements in the lower Mississippi River. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 2002, 3, 1068–1078.
- Martins, M. V. A. et al., Rare earth elements as fingerprints of differentiated sediment sources in the Ria de Aveiro (Portugal). J. Sediment. Environ., 2016, 1, 17–42.
- Su, N., Yang, S., Guo, Y., Yue, W., Wang, K., Yin, P. and Huang, K., Revisit of REE fractionation during chemical weathering and river sediment transport. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 2017, 18, 935–955.
- Adebayo, S. B., Cui, M., Hong, T., White, C. D., Martin, E. E. and Johannesson, K. H., Rare earth element geochemistry and Nd isotopes in the Mississipi River and Gulf of Mexico Mixing zone. Front. Mar. Sci., 2018, 5, 166.
- Braun, J. J., Pagel, M., Herbillon, A. and Rosin, C., Mobilization and redistribution of REEs and thorium in a syenitic lateritic profile: a mass balance study. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 1993, 57, 4419–4434.
- Nesbitt, H. W. and Markovics, G., Weathering of granodiorite crust, long-term storage of elements in weathering profiles, and petrogenesis of siliciclastic sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 1997, 61, 1653–1670.
- Négrel, P., Water–granite interaction: clues from strontium, neodymium and rare earth elements in soil and waters. Appl. Geochem., 2006, 21, 1432–1454.
- Shynu, R, Rao V. P., Kessarkar, P. M. and Rao, T. G., Rare earth elements in suspended and bottom sediments of the Mandovi estuary, central west coast of India: influence of mining. Estuarine Coast. Shelf Sci., 2011, 94, 355–368.
- Ohlander, B., Land, M., Ingri, J. and Widerlund, A., Mobility and transport of Nd isotopes in the vadose zone during weathering of granitic till in a Boreal forest. Aquat. Geochem., 2014, 20, 1–17.
- Chang, C., Li, F., Liu, C., Guo, J., Tong, H. and Chen, M., Fractionation characteristics of Rare earth elements linked with secondary Fe, Mn and Al minerals in soils. Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta, 2016, 35, 329–339.
- Freslon, N. et al., Rare earth elements and neodymium isotopes in sedimentary organic matter. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 2014, 140, 177–198.
- Bayon, G. et al., Rare earth elements and neodymium isotopes in world river sediments revisited. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 2015, 170, 17–38.
- Marsac, R., Banik, N. L., Lutzenkirchen, J., Catrovillet, C., Masquardt, C. M. and Johannesson, K. H., Modeling metal ion–humic substances complexation in highly saline conditions. Appl. Geochem., 2017, 79, 52–64.
- Merchel, G., Bau, M. and Dantas, E. L., Contrasting impact of organic and inorganic nanoparticles and colloids on the behaviour of particle-reactive elements in tropical estuaries: an experimental study. Geochem. Cosmochem. Acta, 2017, 197, 1–13.
- Sharma, A. and Rajamani, V., Weathering of gneissic rocks in the upper reaches of Cauvery River, South India: implications to neotectonics of the region. Chem. Geol., 2000, 166, 203–223.
- Marchandise, S., Robin, E., Ayrault, S. and Roy-Barman, M., U–Th–REE–Hf bearing phases in Mediterranean Sea sediments: implications for isotope systematics in the ocean. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 2014, 131, 47–61.
- Jung, H. S., Lim, D., Choi, J. Y., Yoo, H. S., Rho, K. C. and Lee, H. B., REE compositions of core sediments from the shelf of the South Sea, Korea; their controls and origins. Cont. Shelf Res., 2012, 48, 75–86.
- Yang, S. Y., Jung, H. S., Choi, M. S. and Li, C. X., The rare earth element compositions of the Changjiang (Yangtze) and Huanghe (Yellow) river sediments. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 2002, 201, 407– 419.
- Cavalcante, F., Belviso, C., Piccarreta, G. and Fiore, S., Grain-size control on the rare earth elements distribution in the late diagenesis of Cretaceous shales from the southern Apennines (Italy). J. Chem., 2014; Article ID: 841747.
- Sensarma, S., Rajamani, V. and Tripathi, J. K., Petrography and geochemical characteristics of the sediments of the small River Hemavati, southern India: implications for provenance and weathering processes. Sediment. Geol., 2008, 205, 111–125.
- Sai Babu, S., Ramana, R. V., Purnachandra Rao, V., Ram Mohan, M., Keshav Krishna, A., Sawant, S. and Satyasree, N., Composition of the peninsular India rivers average clay (PIRAC): a reference sediment composition for the upper crust from peninsular India. J. Earth Syst. Sci., 2020, 129; https://doi.org/10.1007/ s12040-019-1301-8.
- GSI, Geological Map of India; Geological Survey of India, Bangalore, 1998; 7th edn.
- Rao, K. L., India’s Water Wealth, Orient Longman Ltd, New Delhi, 1975, p. 255.
- Krishnan, M. S., Geology of India and Burma, Higginbotham, Madras, 1982, p. 536.
- Balakrishnan, S. and Rajamani, V., Geochemistry and petrogenesis of granite gneisses around the Kolar Schist Belt, South India: petrogenetic constraints for the evolution of the crust in the Kolar area. J. Geol., 1987, 95, 219–240.
- Das, A., Krishnaswami, S., Sarin, M. M. and Pande, K., Chemical weathering in the Krishna Basin and Western Ghats of the Deccan Traps, India: rate of basalt weathering and their controls. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 2005, 69, 2067–2084.
- Jha, P. K., Tiwari, J., Singh, U. K., Kumar, M. and Subramanian, V., Chemical weathering and associated CO2 consumption in the Godavari river basin, India. Chem. Geol., 2009, 264, 364–374.
- Dash, B., Sahu, K. N. and Bowes, D. R., Geochemistry and original nature of Precambrian khondalites in the Eastern Ghats, Orissa, India. Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh, 1987, 78, 115–127.
- Moriyama, T., Panigrahi, M. K., Pandit, D. and Watanabe, Y., Rare earth element enrichment in Late Archean manganese deposits from the Iron Ore Group, East India. Resour. Geol., 2008, 58, 402–413.
- Bhattacharya, S., Chaudhary, A. K. and Basei, M., Original nature and source of khondalites in the Eastern Ghats Province, India. In Palaeoproterozoic of India (eds Mazumder, R. and Saha, D.), Geological Society of London Special Publication, 2012, pp. 147– 159.
- Giri, S., Singh, A. K. and Tewary, B. K., Source and distribution of metals in bed sediments of Subarnarekha River, India. Environ. Earth Sci., 2013, 70, 3381–3392.
- Biswas, A. N., Geohydro-morphometry of Hooghly estuary. J. Inst. Eng. (India), 1985, 66, 61–73.
- Folk, R. L., Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks, Hemphils Pub. Co., Austin, Texas, USA, 1968, p. 170.
- Satyanarayanan, M., Balaram, V., Sawant, S. S., Subramanyam, K. S. V., Vamsi Krishna, G., Dasaram, B. and Manikyamba, C., Rapid determination of REEs, PGEs, and other trace elements in geological and environmental materials by high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Atom. Spectrosc., 2018, 39, 1–15.
- Govindaraju, K., Compilation of working values and descriptions for 383 geostandards. Geostand. Newsl., 1994, 18, 1–158.
- Nesbitt, H. W. and Young, G. M., Early proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred from major element chemistry of lutites. Nature, 1982, 299, 715–717.
- Taylor, S. R. and McLennan, S. M., The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution. An Examination of the Geochemical Record Preserved in Sedimentary Rocks, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK, 1985, p. 312.
- Pourmand, A., Dauphas, N. and Ireland, T. J., A novel extraction chromatography and MC–ICP–MS technique for rapid analysis of REE, Sc and Y: revising CI-chondrite and post-Archean Australian Shale (PAAS) abundances. Chem. Geol., 2012, 291, 38–54.
- Rudnic, R. L. and Gao, S., The composition of the continental crust. In Treatise on Geochemistry (eds Rudnick, R. L., Holland, H. D. and Turekian, K. T.), Elsevier Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 2003, vol. 3, pp. 1–64.
- Vazquez-Ortega, A. et al., Rare earth elements as reactive tracers of biogeochemical weathering in forested rhyolitic terrain. Chem. Geol., 2015, 391, 19–32.
- Rickli, J., Frank, M., Baker, A. R., Aciego, S., de Souza, G., Georg, R. B. and Halliday, A. N., Hafnium and neodymium isotopes in surface waters of the eastern Atlantic Ocean: implications for sources and inputs of trace metals to the ocean. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 2010, 74, 540–557.
- Sengupta, D. and Van Gosen, B. S., Placer-type rare earth element deposits. Econ. Geol., 2016, 18, 81–100.
- Rao, C. N., Anu Radha, B., Reddy, K. S. N., Dhanamjayarao, E. N. and Dayal, A. M., Heavy mineral distribution studies in different micro-environments of Bhimunipatnam coast, Andhra Pradesh, India. Int. J. Sci. Res. Publ., 2012, 2(5), 2250–3153.
- Feng, J., Behaviour of rare earth elements and yttrium in ferromanganese concretions, gibbsite spots, and the surrounding terra rossa over dolomite during chemical weathering. Chem. Geol., 2010, 271, 112–132.
- Shynu, R., Rao, V. P., Parthiban, G., Balakrishnan, S., Narvekar, T. and Kessarkar, P. M., REE in suspended particulate matter and sediment of the Zuari estuary and adjacent shelf, western India: influence of mining and estuarine turbidity. Mar. Geol., 2013, 346, 326–342.
- Prajith, A., Rao, V. P. and Chakraborty, P., Distribution, provenance and early diagenesis of major and trace metals in sediment cores from the Mandovi estuary, western India. Estuarine Coast. Shelf Sci., 2016, 170, 173–185.
- Graf Jr, J. L., Rare earth elements as hydrothermal tracers during the formation of massive sulphide deposits in volcanic rocks. Econ. Geol., 1977, 72, 527–548.
- Allen, P., Condie, K. C. and Narayana, B. L., The geochemistry of prograde and retrograde charnockite–gneiss reactions in southern India. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 1985, 49, 323–336.
- Srinivasan, R., Naqvi, S. M., Uday, Raj, B., Subbarao, D. V., Balaram, V. and Rao, T. G., Geochemistry of the Archaean greywackes from the north western part of Chitradurga schist belt, Dharwar Craton, South India – evidence for granetoid upper crust in the Archaean. J. Geol. Soc. India, 1989, 34, 505–516.
- Tang, J. and Johannesson, K. H., Speciation of rare earth elements in natural terrestrial waters: assessing the role of dissolved organic matter from the modelling approach. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 2003, 67, 2321–2339.
- Condie, K. C., Another look at rare earth elements in shales. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 1991, 55, 2527–2531.
- Bau, M. and Zhao, Z., Geochemistry of mineralization with exchangeable REY in the weathering crust of granitic rocks in South China. Ore Geol. Rev., 2008, 35, 519–535.
- Bau, M., Dulski, P. and Moller, P., Yttrium and holmium in South Pacific seawater: vertical distribution and possible fractionation mechanisms. Chem. Erde, 1995, 55, 1–15.